10 Best Healing traditional Herbs

source : http://www.fun-on.com/

New science shows these herbal power-healers can ease pain, prevent Alzheimer's, and ward off cancer and heart disease. Try 3 natural wonders you haven't heard of yet.
By Nancy Kalish, Prevention

Your arsenal of home remedies is about to get a lot spicier. Though herbs have been used for hundreds of years to heal, scientists are finally starting to substantiate these plants' abilities to alleviate arthritis pain, reduce high blood sugar and cholesterol, and help with many other conditions. They're even discovering amazing new powers in some herbs, such as the ability to kill cancer cells and help problem drinkers curb their alcohol intake.

"Herbs and other natural remedies can be as effective as traditional treatments, often without the same negative side effects," says Roberta Lee, MD, medical director of the Continuum Center for Health and Healing at Beth Israel Medical Center in New York City. So here are 10 superhealers you'll want to add to the all-natural section of your medicine cabinet and even to your favorite recipes! Folding one or two of them into your cooking every day can yield big benefits.

Turmeric

Ease arthritis

A heaping helping of curry could relieve your pain. That's because turmeric, a spice used in curry, contains curcumin, a powerful anti-inflammatory that works similarly to Cox-2 inhibitors, drugs that reduce the Cox-2 enzyme that causes the pain and swelling of arthritis, says Lee.

It might also: Prevent colon cancer and Alzheimer's disease. According to a small 2006 clinical trial conducted by the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, curcumin can help shrink precancerous lesions known as colon polyps, when taken with a small amount of quercetin, a powerful antioxidant found in onions, apples, and cabbage. The average number of polyps dropped more than 60% and those that remained shrank by more than 50%. In a 2006 study published in the Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, researchers at UCLA also found that curcumin helps clear the brain of the plaques that are characteristic of the disease.

Maximize the benefits: For general health, Lee recommends adding the spice to your cooking whenever possible. For a therapeutic dose, James A. Duke, PhD, author of The Green Pharmacy, suggests 400 mg of curcumin extract three times daily, right in line with what subjects in the colon polyp study took (480 mg of curcumin and 20 mg of quercetin, three times a day).

Cinnamon

Lower blood sugar

In a recent German study of type 2 diabetics, taking cinnamon extract daily successfully reduced blood sugar by about 10%.

It might also: Lower cholesterol. Cinnamon packs a one-two punch for people with type 2 diabetes by reducing related heart risks. In another study of diabetics, it slashed cholesterol by 13% and triglycerides by 23%.

Maximize the benefits: To tame blood sugar, study subjects took 1 g capsules of standardized cinnamon extract daily, while those in the cholesterol study took 1 to 6 g. But keep in mind that a large amount of the actual spice can be dangerous, so stick with a water-soluble extract. Terry Graedon, PhD, coauthor with her husband, Joe, of Best Choices from the People's Pharmacy, recommends the brand Cinnulin PF (available in health food stores).

Rosemary

Avoid carcinogens

Frying, broiling, or grilling meats at high temperatures creates HCAs (heterocyclic amines), potent carcinogens implicated in several cancers. But HCA levels are significantly reduced when rosemary extract (a common powder) is mixed into beef before cooking, say Kansas State University researchers. "Rosemary contains carnosol and rosemarinic acid, two powerful antioxidants that destroy the HCAs," explains lead researcher J. Scott Smith, PhD.

It might also: Stop tumors. Rosemary extract helps prevent carcinogens that enter the body from binding with DNA, the first step in tumor formation, according to several animal studies. When researchers at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign fed rosemary extract to rats exposed to dimethylbenzanthracene, a carcinogen that causes breast cancer, both DNA damage and tumors decreased. "Human research needs to be done," says study author Keith W. Singletary, PhD. "But rosemary has shown a lot of cancer-protective potential."

Maximize the benefits: To reduce HCAs, Smith recommends marinating foods in any supermarket spice mix that contains rosemary as well as one or more of the spices thyme, oregano, basil, garlic, onion, or parsley.

Ginger

Avert nausea

Ginger can prevent stomach upset from many sources, including pregnancy, motion sickness, and chemotherapy. "This is one of Mom's remedies that really works," says Suzanna M. Zick, ND, MPH, a research investigator at the University of Michigan. A powerful antioxidant, ginger works by blocking the effects of serotonin, a chemical produced by both the brain and stomach when you're nauseated, and by stopping the production of free radicals, another cause of upset in your stomach. In one study of cruise ship passengers traveling on rough seas, 500 mg of ginger every 4 hours was as effective as Dramamine, the commonly used OTC motion-sickness medication. In another study, where subjects took 940 mg, it was even more effective than the drug.

It might also: Decrease your blood pressure, arthritis pain, and cancer risk. Ginger helps regulate blood flow, which may lower blood pressure, says Zick, and its anti-inflammatory properties might help ease arthritis. Ginger extract had a significant effect on reducing pain in all 124 patients with osteoarthritis of the knee, in a study conducted at the Miami Veterans Affairs Medical Center and the University of Miami. Those same anti-inflammatory powers help powdered ginger kill ovarian cancer cells as well as or better than traditional chemotherapy, at least in the test tube, found a 2006 study by the University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center. Although further testing is needed, Zick and the study's authors are excited about its prospects: "Our preliminary results indicate that ginger may have significant therapeutic benefit for ovarian cancer patients."

Maximize the benefits: For nausea, ginger is best taken before symptoms start, at least 30 minutes before departure, say the Graedons. They recommend capsules containing 500 to 1,000 mg of dried ginger every 4 hours, up to a maximum of 4 g daily.

Holy Basil

Combat stress

Several animal studies back holy basil, a special variety of the plant you use in your pesto sauce, as effective at reducing stress by increasing adrenaline and noradrenaline and decreasing serotonin. This is no surprise to Pratima Nangia-Makker, PhD, a researcher at the Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute in Detroit, whose mother and grandmother relied on a tea made from the leaves of holy basil to relieve indigestion and headaches.

It might also: Inhibit breast cancer. First in test tubes and then in mice, a tea made of holy basil shrunk tumors, reduced their blood supply, and stopped their spread, found Nangia-Makker, who plans to study the effects in humans.

Maximize the benefits: For stress relief, try holy basil extract from New Chapter or Om Organics, widely available in health food stores. To aid in breast cancer treatment, Nangia-Makker advises drinking this tea daily: Pour 2 cups boiling water over 10 to 15 fresh holy basil leaves (other varieties of basil won't work) and steep 5 minutes. Remove the leaves before consuming. If you are being treated for breast cancer, be sure to check with your doctor.

St. John's Wort

Soothe your worries

You probably know that research has confirmed this herb's power to relieve mild to moderate depression and anxiety as effectively as many drugs without a lot of the side effects.

It might also: Help you snooze more soundly. St. John's wort not only contains melatonin, the hormone that regulates our sleep-wake cycles, but it also increases the body's own melatonin, improving sleep, says a report from the Surgeon General.

Maximize the benefits: For both mood and sleep problems, author Duke recommends a supplement containing at least 0.3% hypericin (the active phytochemical) per capsule or 300 mg of the extract to be taken three times daily. Warning: St. John's wort has been shown to interact with several prescription medications, so be sure to check with your doctor before taking it.

Garlic

Lower cancer risk

High consumption of garlic lowered rates of ovarian, colorectal, and other cancers, says a 2006 research review in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. A 2006 Japanese clinical trial also found that after a year of taking aged garlic extract supplements, people with a history of colon polyps saw a reduction in the size and number of the precancerous growths detected by their doctors.

It might also: Provide cardiovascular benefits. Garlic contains more than 70 active phytochemicals, including allicin, which many studies have shown decreases high blood pressure by as much as 30 points. Garlic may help prevent strokes as well by slowing arterial blockages, according to a yearlong clinical study at UCLA. In addition, patients' levels of homocysteine, a chemical that leads to plaque buildup, dropped by 12%.

Maximize the benefits: Crushed fresh garlic offers the best cardiovascular and cancer-fighting benefits, says Duke. But you'll need to down up to five cloves each day. Try Kyolic aged garlic extract capsules (1,000 mg), the product used in many of the studies.

3 New Superhealers You Should Know About

Andrographis

Shorten Summer Colds

Andrographis does a great job of relieving upper-respiratory infections, such as colds or sinusitis, says new research. A study in the journal Phytomedicine reported that the herb eased symptoms such as fatigue, sleeplessness, sore throat, and runny nose up to 90%.

Maximize the benefits: Lee and the Graedons recommend Kan Jang (available at ProActive BioProducts), an herbal extract produced by the Swedish Herbal Institute and used in several of the trials.

Sea Buckthorn

Reverse vaginal dryness

Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) is very effective for hydrating mucous membranes and alleviating vaginal dryness. It contains palmitoleic acid, a fatty acid found in human skin that helps moisturize and heal it.

Maximize the benefits: Lee suggests up to four capsules a day of Supercritical Omega 7, a sea buckthorn supplement by New Chapter. It's available at health food stores.

Kudzu

Curb problem drinking

A group of moderately heavy drinkers in their 20s voluntarily cut their beer consumption in half after taking capsules containing the Chinese herb (also called Pueraria lobata) for a week, according to a study published in Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. Researchers say the kudzu more quickly allows alcohol to get to the part of the brain that tells you that you've had enough.

Maximize the benefits: Participants took capsules with 500 mg of kudzu extract three times daily.

Rules For the Safest Self-Healing

Natural substances often work like drugs in the body, say Joe and Terry Graedon. They suggest following these precautions:

Rule: Don't assume it's safe.

Herbs are not regulated by the FDA for safety or efficacy. So search the label for a seal of approval from the USP (United States Pharmacopeia) or CL (Consumer-Lab.com), which indicates it has been approved by certified academic laboratories.

Rule: Talk with your doctor.

It's best to tell him if you're considering supplements. Some herbs can interact with certain meds, including those for high blood pressure, diabetes, and depression, as well as blood thinners and even OTC drugs. View a partial list of herb-drug interactions published by the University of Michigan Health System Drug Information Service.

Rule: Don't overdo it.

More isn't necessarily better and could be dangerous. Always follow dosing instructions.

physiology of the eye : general (2)

Mata merupakan salah satu organ yang sangat peka. Trauma sekecil apapun, seperti debu yang masuk ke dalam mata, sudah cukup untuk menimbulkan gangguan yang hebat, lagi pula bila keadaan ini diabaikan, dapat menimbulkan penyakit yang cukup gawat. Karena itulah mata mendapat perlindungan yang baik dengan dikelilingi tulang-tulang orbita, disebelah depan terdapat kelopak mata (palpebra) superior dan inferior, diatas kelopak terdapat alis mata (supersilia), di pinggir kelopak terdapat bulu mata (silia) yang normal lengkungannya membelok keluar.

Bagian dalam palpebra diliputi oleh konjungtiva dimana terdapat 3 macam kojungtiva :
1. Konjungtiva palpebralis, yang meliputi palpebra. Bagian yang khusus meliputi tarsal disebut konjungtiva tarsalis.
2. Konjungtiva forniks, yang meliputi bagian kelopak mata.
3. Konjungtiva bulbi, yang meliputi bulbus okuli (bola mata).

Bagian depan dari bulbus okuli adalah kornea, yakni bagian mata yang sangat tembus pandang. Lapisan ini meneruskan diri kebelakang menjadi sklera. Lapisan yang lebih dalam dari sklera ialah uvea, yang terdiri atas 3 bagian :

1. Iris, di bagian depan.
2. Badan siliar (corpus siliaris) yang berbentuk segitiga.
3. Koroid, lanjutannya ke belakang yang mengelilngi bulbus okuli.

Iris dan badan siliar disebut juga uvea anterior, sedangkan koroid disebut uvea posterior.

Lapisan lebih dalam setelah uvea, dibentuk oleh retina yang meliputi seluruh bagian dalam dari bola mata. Pada suatu tempat di retina terdapat daerah yang lebih merah yang disebut makula lutea, dimana di tengahnya terdapat lekukan yang disebut fovea sentralis, yang merupakan daerah dengan ketajaman penglihatan yang maksimal. Di belakang iris terdapat lensa yang digantung pada badan siliar oleh Zonula Zinii. Ruang di antara iris dan kornea dinamakan bilik mata depan (camera oculi anterior = cao) dan ruang di antara iris dan lensa disebut bilik mata belakang (camera oculi posteriror = cop). Kedua ruang tersebut berhubungan melalui pupil dan diisi oleh cairan bilik mata (humor akueus) yang dibentuk oleh badan siliar. Di belakang lensa terdapat ruangan yang diliputi oleh badan kaca (corpus vitreus).

Pada bagian posterior bola mata melekat saraf optik (N.optikus=N.II) yang akan menerobos bulbus okuli melalui sklera. Pada pemeriksaan fundus N.Optikus tampak sebagai bercak yang berwarna lebih pucat daripada warna fundus dan bagian ini dari N.II disebut papil saraf optik (papila nervus optikus). Arteri dan vena retina sentral menerobos N.II sedikit di belakang bola mata, untuk kemudian keluar di tengah-tengah papil saraf optik dan bercabang-cabang mengurusi retina. Ruang orbita tidak seluruhnya diisi oleh bola mata yang mengisi bagian anterior tetapi juga diisi oleh jaringan lemak yang dilalui oelh pembuluh darah, serat saraf dan juga otot-otot mata luar.

Otot-otot mata luar terdiri atas :
1. Otot (musculus) rektus lateralis.
2. Otot (musculus) rectus medialis.
3. Otot (musculus) rectus superior.
4. Otot (musculus) rectus inferior.
5. Otot (musculus) obliqus superior.
6. Otot (musculus) obliqus inferiror.

Otot-otot ini melekat pada bola mata. Otot mata luar lainnya adalah levator palpebra yang seratnya tidak melekat pada bola mata tetapi seratnya melekat pada palpebra superior. Di daerah margo orbita superior bagian lateral terdapat kelenjar air mata (glandula lakrimalais) yangmembentuk air mata.

Dengan mengedipkan mata, maka air mata diratakan ke seluruh bagian anterior mata untuk kemudian disalurkan melalui :
1. Pungtum lakrimal superior dan inferior.
2. Kanalikuli lakrmal superior dan inferiror.
3. Sakus lakrimal (kantung air mata).
4. Duktus naso lakrimal.
5. Meatus inferior yang bermuara di rongga hidung

Dengan banyaknya pembuluh darah di rongga hidung, ditambah dengan hembusan pada waktu bernafas, maka air mata akan menguap, sehingga tidak meleleh melalui hidung.

Physiology of The Eye - Air Mata (Tears)

Air mata Diproduksi oleh sistem kelenjar air mata :

1.1. Glandula lacrimalis asesorius Krause dan Wolfring (sekresi dasar)
2. Glandula lakrimalis utama mayor (sekresi refleks).

Fungsi air mata :

1. Melicinkan permukaan optik bola mata

2. Media pelepasan sel ‘desquamasi’.

3. Suplai oksigen ke kornea

4. Antimikroba

5. Lubrikasi pergesekan palpebra dan kornea

6. Mencegah pengeringan permukaan luar bola mata

Lapisan air mata :

1. Lapisan lipid (atas), diproduksi oleh glandula meibom. Fungsi :

- Memperlambat menguapan air mata

- Mempertahankan barier hidrofobik

- Mempertahankan tear meniskus

2. Lapaisan akuous (tengah), diproduksi oleh kelejar Krause & Wolfring. Fungsi :

- Suplai oksigen

- Antimikroba

- Meratakan permukaan kornea

- Membersihkan kotoran

- Mengatur fungsi sel-sel epitel kornea

Physiology Of The Eye - Palpebra

Fungsi Palpebra:

Mencegah ruda paksa

Mencegah cahaya yang menyilaukan

Membantu menyebarkan air mata

Terdapat 2 otot penting pada papebra :

1. M. Levator palpebra

- Elevasi (angkat palpebra)

sinergis dengan m. frontalis dan

m.rectus superior
2. M. Orbicularis oculi

- Mengedipkan mata ….. Pars palpebralis

- Menutup mata ……..pars orbitalis

Tiga gerakan palpebra :

1. Menutup → kontraksi m.orb.okuli (N.VII) & relaksasi m.levator palpebra superior. M.riolani menahan bgn belakang palp. thd dorongan bola mata

2. Membuka → kontraksi m.levator palp. sup.(N.III). M.Muller mempertahankan mata tetap terbuka

3. Proses berkedip (blink): refleks (didahului stimuli) dan spontan (tdk didahului stimuli) → kontraksi m.orb. okuli pars palpebra.

Physiology Of The Eye - General

The human eye is the organ which gives us the sense of sight, allowing us to learn more about the surrounding world than we do with any of the other four senses. We use our eyes in almost every activity we perform, whether reading, working, watching television, writing a letter, driving a car, and in countless other ways. Most people probably would agree that sight is the sense they value more than all the rest.

The eye allows us to see and interpret the shapes, colors, and dimensions of objects in the world by processing the light they reflect or emit. The eye is able to detect bright light or dim light, but it cannot sense objects when light is absent.

Light waves from an object (such as a tree) enter the eye first through the cornea, which is the clear dome at the front of the eye. The light then progresses through the pupil, the circular opening in the center of the colored iris.

Fluctuations in incoming light change the size of the eye’s pupil. When the light entering the eye is bright enough, the pupil will constrict (get smaller), due to the pupillary light response.

Initially, the light waves are bent or converged first by the cornea, and then further by the crystalline lens (located immediately behind the iris and the pupil), to a nodal point (N) located immediately behind the back surface of the lens. At that point, the image becomes reversed (turned backwards) and inverted (turned upside-down).

The light continues through the vitreous humor, the clear gel that makes up about 80% of the eye’s volume, and then, ideally, back to a clear focus on the retina, behind the vitreous. The small central area of the retina is the macula, which provides the best vision of any location in the retina. If the eye is considered to be a type of camera, the retina is equivalent to the film inside of the camera, registering the tiny photons of light interacting with it.

Within the layers of the retina, light impulses are changed into electrical signals. Then they are sent through the optic nerve, along the visual pathway, to the occipital cortex at the posterior (back) of the brain. Here, the electrical signals are interpreted or “seen” by the brain as a visual image.

Actually, then, we do not “see” with our eyes but, rather, with our brains. Our eyes merely are the beginnings of the visual process.

BLEFARITIS

A. PENDAHULUAN
Blefaritis adalah radang pada kelopak mata. Radang yang sering terjadi pada kelopak merupakan radang kelopak dan tepi kelopak. Radang bertukak atau tidak pada tepi kelopak bisanya melibatkan folikel dan kelenjar rambut. Blefaritis ditandai dengan pembentukan minyak berlebihan di dalam kelenjar di dekat kelopak mata yang merupakan lingkungan yang disukai oleh bakteri yang dalam keadaan normal ditemukan di kulit.
Blefaritis dapat disebabkan infeksi dan alergi yang biasanya berjalan kronis atau menahun. Blefaritis alergi dapat terjadi akibat debu, asap, bahan kimia, iritatif, dan bahan kosmetik. Infeksi kelopak dapat disebabkan kuman streptococcus alfa atau beta, pneumococcus, dan pseudomonas. Di kenal bentuk blefaritis skuamosa, blefaritis ulseratif, dan blefaritis angularis.
Gejala umum pada blefaritis adalah kelopak mata merah, bengkak, sakit, eksudat lengket dan epiforia. Blefaritis sering disertai dengan konjungtivitis dan keratitis.
Biasanya blefaritis sebelum diobati dibersihkan dengan garam fisiologik hangat, dan kemudian diberikan antibiotik yang sesuia. Penyulit blefaritis yang dapat timbul adalah konjungtivitis, keratitis, hordeolum, kalazoin, dan madarosis.

B. PATOFISIOLOGI
Patofisiologi blefaritis biasanya terjadi kolonisasi bakteri pada mata. Hal ini mengakibatkan invasi mikrobakteri secara langsung pada jaringan ,kerusakan sistem imun atau kerusakan yang disebabkan oleh produksi toksin bakteri , sisa buangan dan enzim. Kolonisasi dari tepi kelopak mata dapat ditingkatkan dengan adanya dermatitis seboroik dan kelainan fungsi kelenjar meibom.

C. ANATOMI

Kelopak atau palpebra mempunyai fungsi melindungi bola mata, serta mengeluarkan sekresi kelenjarnya yang membentuk film air mata di depan kornea. Palpebra merupakan alat penutup mata yang berguna untukmelindungi bola mata terhapat trauma, trauma sinar dan pengeringan mata.
Kelopak mempunyai lapisan kulit yang tipis pada bagian depan sedang di bagian belakang ditutupi selaput lendir tarsus yang disebut konjungtiva tarsal.
Pada kelopak terdapat bagian-bagian :
• Kelenjar seperti kelenjar sebasea, kelenjar moll atau kelenjar keringat, kelenjar zeis pada pangkal rambut, dan kelenjar meibom pada tarsus.
• Otot seperti : M. Orbikularis okuli yang berjalan melingkar di dalam kelopak atas dan bawah, dan terletak di bawah kulit kelopak. M. Orbikularis berfungsi menutup bola mata yang dipersarafi N. fasial. M. Levator palpebra berfungsi untuk mengangkat kelopak mata atau membuka mata.
• Di dalam kelopak terdapak tarsus yang merupakan jaringan ikat dengan kelenjar di dalamnya atau kelenjar Meibom yang bermuara pada margo palpebra.
• Septum orbita yang merupakan jaringan fibrosa berasal dari rima orbita merupakan pembatas isi orbita dengan kelopak depan.


D. ETIOLOGI
Terdapat 2 jenis blefaritis, yaitu :
1. Blefaritis anterior : mengenai kelopak mata bagian luar depan (tempat melekatnya bulu mata). Penyebabnya adalah bakteri stafilokokus dan seborrheik. Blefaritis stafilokok dapat disebabkan infeksi dengan Staphylococcus aureus, yang sering ulseratif, atau Staphylococcus epidermidis atau stafilokok koagulase-negatif. Blefaritis seboroik(non-ulseratif) umumnya bersamaan dengan adanya Pityrosporum ovale.
2. Blefaritis posterior : mengenai kelopak mata bagian dalam (bagian kelopak mata yang lembab, yang bersentuhan dengan mata). Penyebabnya adalah kelainan pada kelenjar minyak. Dua penyakit kulit yang bisa menyebabkan blefaritis posterior adalah rosasea dan ketombe pada kulit kepala (dermatitis seboreik).

E. KLASIFIKASI
1. Blefaritis superfisial
Bila infeksi kelopak superfisial disebabkan oleh staphylococcus maka pengobatan yang terbaik adalah dengan salep antibiotik seperti sulfasetamid dan sulfisolksazol. Sebelum pemberian antibiotik krusta diangkat dengan kapas basah. Bila terjadi blefaritis menahun maka dilakukan penekanan manual kelenjar Meibom untuk mengeluarkan nanah dari kelenjar Meibom (Meibormianitis), yang biasanya menyertai.1
2. Blefaritis Seboroik
Blefaritis sebore biasanya terjadi pada laki-laki usia lanjut (50 Tahun), dengan keluhan mata kotor, panas dan rasa kelilipan. Gejalanya adalah sekret yang keluar dari kelenjar Meiborn, air mata berbusa pada kantus lateral, hiperemia dan hipertropi papil pada konjungtiva. Pada kelopak dapat terbentuk kalazion, hordeolum, madarosis, poliosis dan jaringan keropeng.
Blefaritis seboroik merupakan peradangan menahun yang sukar penanganannya. Pengobatannya adalah dengan memperbaiki kebersihan dan membersihkan kelopak dari kotoran. Dilakukan pembersihan dengan kapas lidi hangat. Kompres hangat selama 5-10 menit. Kelenjar Meibom ditekan dan dibersihkan dengan shampoo bayi. Penyulit yang dapat timbul berupa flikten, keratitis marginal, tukak kornea, vaskularisasi, hordeolum dan madarosis.
3. Blefaritis Skuamosa
Blefaritis skuamosa adalah blefaritis disertai terdapatnya skuama atau krusta pada pangkal bulu mata yang bila dikupas tidak mengakibatkan terjadinya luka kulit. Merupakan peradangan tepi kelopak terutama yang mengenai kulit di daerah akar bulu mata dan sering terdapat pada orang yang berambut minyak. Blefaritis ini berjalan bersama dermatitik seboroik.
Penyebab blefaritis skuamosa adalah kelainan metabolik ataupun oleh jamur. Pasien dengan blefaritis skuamosa akan terasa panas dan gatal. Pada blefaritis skuamosa terdapat sisik berwarna halus-halus dan penebalan margo palpebra disertai madarosis. Sisik ini mudah dikupas dari dasarnya mengakibatkan perdarahan.
Pengobatan blefaritis skuamosa ialah dengan membersihkan tepi kelopak dengan shampoo bayi, salep mata, dan steroid setempat disertai dengan memperbaiki metabolisme pasien. Penyulit yang dapat terjadi pada blefaritis skuamosa adalah keratitis, konjungtivitis.
4. Blefaritis Ulseratif
Merupakan peradangan tepi kelopak atau blefaritis dengan tukak akibat infeksi staphylococcus. Pada blefaritis ulseratif terdapat keropeng berwarna kekunung-kuningan yang bila diangkat akan terlihat ulkus yang yang kecil dan mengeluarkan dfarah di sekitar bulu mata. Pada blewfaritis ulseratif skuama yang terbentuk bersifat kering dan keras, yang bila diangkat akan luka dengan disertai perdarahan. Penyakit bersifat sangat infeksius. Ulserasi berjalan lebih lanjut dan lebih dalam dan merusak folikel rambut sehingga mengakibatkan rontok (madarosis).
Pengobatan dengan antibiotik dan higiene yang baik. Pengobatan pada blefaritis ulseratif dapat dengan sulfasetamid, gentamisin atau basitrasin. Biasanya disebabkan stafilokok maka diberi obat staphylococcus. Apabila ulseratif luas pengobatan harus ditambah antibiotik sistemik dan diberi roboransia.
Penyulit adalah madarosis akibat ulserasi berjalan lanjut yang merusak folikel rambut, trikiasis, keratitis superfisial, keratitis pungtata, hordeolum dan kalazion. Bila ulkus kelopak ini sembuh maka akan terjadi tarikan jaringan parut yang juga dapat berakibat trikiasis.
5. Blefaritis angularis
Blefaritis angularis merupakan infeksi staphylococcus pada tepi kelopak di sudut kelopak atau kantus. Blefaritis angularis yang mengenai sudut kelopak mata (kantus eksternus dan internus) sehingga dapat mengakibatkan gangguan pada fungsi puntum lakrimal. Blefariris angularis disebabkan Staphylococcus aureus. Biasanya kelainan ini bersifat rekuren.
Blefaritis angularis diobati dengan sulfa, tetrasiklin dan Sengsulfat. Penyulit pada pungtum lakrimal bagian medial sudut mata yang akan menyumbat duktus lakrimal.
6. Meibomianitis
Merupakan infeksi pada kelenjar Meibom yang akan mengakibatkan tanda peradangan lokal pada kelenjar tersebut. Meibomianitis menahun perlu pengobatan kompres hangat, penekanan dan pengeluaran nanah dari dalam berulang kali disertai antibiotik lokal.

F. GAMBARAN KLINIK
Gejala :
1. Blefaritis menyebabkan kemerahan dan penebalan, bisa juga terbentuk sisik dan keropeng atau luka terbuka yang dangkal pada kelopak mata.
2. Blefaritis bisa menyebabkan penderita merasa ada sesuatu di matanya.
Mata dan kelopak mata terasa gatal, panas dan menjadi merah.
Bisa terjadi pembengkakan kelopak mata dan beberapa helai bulu mata rontok.
3. Mata menjadi merah, berair dan peka terhadap cahaya terang.
Bisa terbentuk keropeng yang melekat erat pada tepi kelopak mata; jika keropeng dilepaskan, bisa terjadi perdarahan. Selama tidur, sekresi mata mengering sehingga ketika bangun kelopak mata sukar dibuka.
Tanda :
• Skuama pada tepi kelopak
• Jumlah bulu mata berkurang
• Obstruksi dan sumbatan duktus meibom
• Sekresi Meibom keruh
• Injeksi pada tepi kelopak
• Abnormalitas film air mata

G. DIAGNOSA
Diagnosis ditegakkan berdasarkan gejala dan hasil pemeriksaan kelopak mata.

H. PENATALAKSANAAN
Pengobatan utama adalah membersihkan pinggiran kelopak mata untuk mengangkat minyak yang merupakan makanan bagi bakteri. Bisa digunakan sampo bayi atau pembersih khusus. Untuk membantu membasmi bakteri kadang diberikan salep antibiotik (misalnya erythromycin atau sulfacetamide) atau antibiotik per-oral (misalnya tetracycline). Jika terdapat dermatitis seboroik, harus diobati. Jika terdapat kutu, bisa dihilangkan dengan mengoleskan jeli petroleum pada dasar bulu mata.

I. PROGNOSIS
Pada blefaritis prognosis sangat baik dan dapat hilang dengan terapi.

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